Why sand3d

Fewer tokens for the same object

The token figure, part by part. Every program is counted the same way: o200k_base tokens, code only (docstrings and comments are not counted). A ratio is the other program's tokens over sand3d's.

compared with	who wrote it	n	median ratio
Blender Python	written by an LLM	30 CAD parts	4.0×	9 of 30 build the right part
CadQuery	the dataset's own programs (Zero-To-CAD)	17 CAD parts	2.3×	synthetic programs, generated for the dataset
FeatureScript (Onshape)	the dataset's own programs (CADFS)	13 CAD parts	6.0×	real designs from public Onshape documents
Articraft's Python SDK	the dataset's own programs	12 articulated objects	2.0×	5 of 12 also use CadQuery; they also declare masses and inertias

Who wrote what:

• sand3d: the programs of this repo, written for it; each matches its reference mesh (the CAD model's, or the articulated object's), the CAD parts at an F-score of 0.95 at 2 % of the diagonal.
• Blender Python: written by an LLM from the CAD part's source; right part means it runs and its mesh matches the CAD model's.
• CadQuery, FeatureScript: the program the CAD dataset ships for the part. Zero-To-CAD-1m (Apache-2.0) is synthetic CadQuery; CADFS (CC BY 4.0) holds real Onshape designs in FeatureScript.
• Articraft: the program Articraft-10K (CC BY 4.0) ships for the object, written with its own Python SDK (meshes, joints, materials, masses), its tests left out; five also build shapes with CadQuery.

Not compared: objects that come as meshes (Objaverse-type assets): no program exists to set beside sand3d's; the articulated objects in Blender Python: none was written; the CADFS parts in CadQuery: their source is FeatureScript.

30 CAD parts

part	source	sand3d	Blender Python	right part	ratio	source program	ratio
a block with a side window open at its bottom, two rib slots under its +Y edge and a hole drilled on that edge	Zero-To-CAD-1m d9657ce8-4340-baf8-564c-24ef95b451b9	330	862	yes	2.6×	CadQuery 502	1.5×
a quarter-torus pipe elbow, its inlet chamfered, a hole drilled into the inlet, every edge softened	Zero-To-CAD-1m b8c707fe-e962-4eb1-8bc9-3465761f23b4	221	1084	no	4.9×	CadQuery 557	2.5×
a ring notched round its outside, the notches only through its lower half, their four vertical edges chamfered	Zero-To-CAD-1m 0d84288b-5014-5b32-4355-9452883f472d	339	996	no	2.9×	CadQuery 415	1.2×
an L bracket: a bar and a flange, and on top a rib following their L, grown 2 mm all round	Zero-To-CAD-1m 524d6a9e-b1a8-7a81-3809-d7eea0424235	181	525	no	2.9×	CadQuery 412	2.3×
a block drawn in inches' worth of millimetres, then scaled by 2.54	CADFS 00400706	110	336	yes	3.1×	FeatureScript 682	6.2×
a large turned body: one outline revolved about a line of its own	CADFS 00421068	927	1817	no	2.0×	FeatureScript 4531	4.9×
a round flange with four holes on a square, its top edge rounded	Zero-To-CAD-1m b88686f2-ac53-4a3f-cb64-13d4b758199d	141	1068	no	7.6×	CadQuery 814	5.8×
a small hexagon with a wing on each side, one the mirror image of the other, their vertical edges rounded	Zero-To-CAD-1m 825dca76-e226-7c8f-a08f-59371e559adf	217	1355	no	6.2×	CadQuery 283	1.3×
a long rod, a rounded-triangle collar at its end, three pins standing on the collar, their tips cut to points	CADFS 00878117	385	1630	yes	4.2×	FeatureScript 2633	6.8×
a thin tube along Y, its outer rims rounded, a pin hole through its wall near one end, that hole's outer mouth chamfered	Zero-To-CAD-1m b7779e11-5886-fad1-7792-b970ba0f615e	233	1193	no	5.1×	CadQuery 479	2.1×
a square frame with a rounded window, two holes on its middle line, four drilled holes at its corners and a blind hole driven into its -Y side along its top edge	CADFS 00305103	228	1048	yes	4.6×	FeatureScript 2944	12.9×
a closed round box, hollow inside, a slot through its +X side, a boss floating in the hollow and a forest of thin rods standing through it, top to bottom	Zero-To-CAD-1m 960d943d-5d36-c68d-54e6-e4271e4d24ec	319	892	no	2.8×	CadQuery 537	1.7×
a bored disc, every edge chamfered	Zero-To-CAD-1m 2bc02539-1e01-57fc-1095-3a4475a6b63e	94	1421	no	15.1×	CadQuery 339	3.6×
an elliptical plate, its top edge rounded right through its thickness, the word "Rato" standing on it	CADFS 00466650	290	808	no	2.8×	FeatureScript 844	2.9×
a bored disc, its top edge cut back by a long, shallow chamfer, both edges of the chamfer rounded	CADFS 00211684	117	623	no	5.3×	FeatureScript 1157	9.9×
a fork-like bracket: a T-shaped band with two legs, turned 40° about a far axis, and above it a notched plate, 25.4 thick	CADFS 00456559	338	1003	no	3.0×	FeatureScript 1967	5.8×
half a turned ring, a small rib under it, an insert pin sticking out of its end	Zero-To-CAD-1m 6cc4cc5c-a504-8b54-5276-08afe080f807	241	981	no	4.1×	CadQuery 357	1.5×
a small drafted block, its bottom edges chamfered	Zero-To-CAD-1m 9728290b-d7bb-40ed-164a-ec6cf0f5447d	158	665	yes	4.2×	CadQuery 529	3.3×
a block with two holes off-centre, its vertical corners rounded and its top edges chamfered, holes included	Zero-To-CAD-1m de5f2cdc-c1cf-076a-d8ea-e33766888363	151	1454	yes	9.6×	CadQuery 410	2.7×
a hub eaten from below by a wide cone, the cone's edges rounded; eight holes round its top, a slot in its rim, six ribs half sunk in its side	Zero-To-CAD-1m 2e1049b3-4bf1-6706-a401-6b8a76ffc082	317	944	no	3.0×	CadQuery 436	1.4×
a block with a flange on each end	Zero-To-CAD-1m 66f91767-51e3-c565-9b80-c45836127ee7	115	890	yes	7.7×	CadQuery 374	3.3×
a large panel, mirror-symmetric about Y = 0, its two top corners cut, two tall slots near each side	CADFS 00298573	237	498	no	2.1×	FeatureScript 1340	5.7×
a tube with a long rounded slot right through it, across its axis	CADFS 00115460	254	655	no	2.6×	FeatureScript 990	3.9×
a thin disc with twelve small notches round its rim	CADFS 00374959	151	742	no	4.9×	FeatureScript 1083	7.2×
a tall cover lofted through six rectangles that narrow and turn as they rise, rib grooves cut into its foot, its top and bottom edges rounded	Zero-To-CAD-1m 5ad9d45b-ea4f-8079-1186-76e3b8d6a1b1	259	1129	no	4.4×	CadQuery 639	2.5×
a wall flange: a coned cup for a hub, a flange round it, a hole through the cup's point, its top edges chamfered and a ring of small knurls standing on its rim	Zero-To-CAD-1m 8719a024-46f7-2edf-2d5b-96f11059d3db	233	1146	no	4.9×	CadQuery 906	3.9×
an L bracket filled out by a gusset into a pentagon, its corners rounded, one countersunk hole near its inside corner	Zero-To-CAD-1m 116f16d9-515f-52a8-74cb-ee98471dea71	284	975	no	3.4×	CadQuery 553	1.9×
a turned part: a flanged base and a tall thin sleeve rising from it	CADFS 00577926	154	616	yes	4.0×	FeatureScript 927	6.0×
a tube standing at one end of a plate whose other end is square, a rib along the plate's middle, cut back on a slant	CADFS 00638437	357	1093	yes	3.1×	FeatureScript 1718	4.8×
a square nut: a bored square block, the corners of both faces turned off by a 30° cone, a V-notch across its top	CADFS 00266126	315	742	no	2.4×	FeatureScript 2762	8.8×

12 articulated objects

object	source	sand3d	Articraft program	ratio	uses CadQuery
a front-loading washing machine: a door on a hinge, an endless drum, a detergent drawer, an endless dial	Articraft-10K rec_a-front-loading-washing-machine-with-a-white-rec_20260513_002941_547341_050bf63f	742	1538	2.1×	yes
a double-leaf garden gate: two leaves on hinges, a mirror pair, and a drop bolt sliding down the right leaf into a socket in the foundation	Articraft-10K rec_garden_gate_30e6e784533b4583ac23a37b85f64c86	1232	2850	2.3×	no
a compact refrigerator: two doors on one hinge line, opening by negative angles, and a thermostat dial turning in a control housing fixed under the divider	Articraft-10K rec_refrigerator_with_hinged_doors_eafdd7d9813b42fa80e8e2e8ff778665	1541	3264	2.1×	no
a compact keyboard: forty keys on plungers, a trackpoint on two crossed pivots, a media wheel on a fixed shaft	Articraft-10K rec_keyboard_33e6828d32c148999830f99c31995d49	1628	3258	2.0×	no
a skateboard: two trucks steering on 45° kingpins, four endless wheels on the trucks	Articraft-10K rec_skateboard_b74cde82df474176b7005c584ba8eb13	705	1505	2.1×	yes
a floor task lamp: a head that swivels on the column, an arm that lifts on the head's yoke, a shade that tilts at the arm's tip — a revolute chain three deep	Articraft-10K rec_articulated_task_lamp_e3b37e132fda4a8b848be4c5ba370d7e	1319	2191	1.7×	no
an XYZ Cartesian stage: an X carriage on the base's rails, a Y stage on the carriage, a column welded to the Y stage, and a table sliding up the column	Articraft-10K rec_xyz_cartesian_stage_9569f7654fbc435db20ac8bc588765a1	1271	2113	1.7×	no
a device on a tripod head: a pan, a tilt, a clamp that slides and its screw knob, two lock knobs; the legs and the device are fixed	Articraft-10K rec_tripodmounted_device_a0b63454b90945138129d93d176264fc	3016	4192	1.4×	yes
compact theatre binoculars: two housings on a central hinge, a focus wheel that turns a full turn either way, two eyecups that twist	Articraft-10K rec_binoculars_fc9fc306c6f8437683635fccb0369257	1467	2917	2.0×	no
a compact pickup tailgate: a gate on a lower hinge, two latch knobs and a work-stop bar that folds up from the gate's top edge	Articraft-10K rec_pickup_tailgate_be20bae3a83e40c386c21adab290f72d	1808	3690	2.0×	no
a rugged screw-cap bottle: a cap that turns and lifts on the neck	Articraft-10K rec_screwcap_bottle_aa1625790e9e4236941bc4c2650955de	1313	2520	1.9×	yes
a bevel-to-spur transfer: an endless vertical input shaft drives, through an 18/18 bevel pair, a horizontal transfer shaft, which drives a parallel output shaft through an 18/24 spur pair	Articraft-10K rec_gear_assemblies_65e1d6ce16ad4dd58dffa5c555c5680b	1775	2675	1.5×	yes

the source of this page: docs/readme/tokens.md